A larger-than-expected group (20) of ramblers met on this
muggy day before the 4th of July. Most of them were expecting to get their feet
wet.

Don Hunter’s album for today’s ramble can be found here.

Today’s reading  is a stanza
from the poem The Bloody Sire by
Robinson Jeffers. It was presented by Dale Hoyt. (The full text of the poem and a recording of the author
reading it can be found here. )

What but the wolf’s tooth whittled so fine

The fleet limbs of the antelope?

What but fear winged the birds, and hunger

Jewelled with such eyes the great goshawk’s head?

Violence has been the sire of all the world’s values.

Today’s Route: 
Through the Flower Gardens to Orange Trail Spur, then down the spur to
the creek and left on Orange Trail (away from the river) and back to the upper
parking lot.

Parking Lot through the Flower Gardens:

We passed the garden before the international bridge and saw
Wild bergamot and Crimson

Plumleaf Azalea

beebalm in bloom. Both plants are heavily visited by
bees and hummingbirds. In the pool under the bridge the Lotus are blooming.
Further up the walk the Plum-leaf azalea is in bloom. Hugh explained that the
conservations of this late blooming, for an azalea, plant was the motivation
for the creation of Callaway Gardens, near Pine Mountain, Georgia. Further
along we saw that the Hairy Rattleweed was loaded with fruits containing seeds.
When they ripen you will be able to hear the origin of its common name. Next we
passed the Paw Paw patch and stopped to see if any fruits were still on the
trees. These large, sweet fruits are highly desired by many animals and quickly
disappear as they approach ripeness. We found three clusters still on the
trees, one more than when we last checked on them.

Corn Tassel

We stopped by the corn plants to discuss the function of the
tassels and the silk. Many people without an agricultural background don’t
realize that the tassels and silk are flowers. (Yes, corn is a flowering
plant.) The tassels at the top of the plant produce pollen. Since corn is wind
pollinated there are no petals to get in the way of the pollen being blown
about. The female flowers are found in the “ear” of the

Corn Silk

corn plant.
Each one will produce a single fruit which is better known as a kernel of corn.
So the ear is really a group of flowers, what botanists refer to as an
inflorescence. The only part of the typical plant flower that is left is the
pistil. Remember that the pistil is made of three parts: ovary, style and
stigma. In corn the kernel is the ovary, the style is the silk and the stigma
is the very end of the style. To produce a kernel of corn a pollen grain must
land on the stigma and germinate. Germination of the pollen grain occurs when a
tube begins to grow from the pollen down inside the style toward the ovary. In
the case of corn this pollen tube has to grow about 6-8 inches through the
length of a silk before it reaches the ovary. Then it releases its sperm to
fertilize the egg cell in the ovary. Without those annoying silks there could
be no corn on the cob.

Hugh mentioned that in Illinois teenagers were often hired
to de-tassel corn. This is done to produce hybrid corn seed. A hybrid is formed
by crossing (mating) two different varieties of corn. But if the tassels are
not removed from one of the varieties the plant could self-pollinate. To
produce hybrid seed two varieties are planted in rows next to one another and
the tassels removed from all the plants in one row. These will be fertilized by
pollen from the plants in the adjacent row, so all the corn harvested from the
de-tasseled row will be hybrid. (Hybrid corn is much more productive than
self-fertilized corn, so it is almost exclusively used in modern agriculture.)

Red-spotted purple butterfly

While we were looking at the corn we noticed a beautiful
black butterfly, called a Red-spotted purple, basking in the early morning sun.
The upper surface of its hind wings was a metallic bluish-green color. The
metallic coloration is not a pigment — it is a structural color. This is a
color produced by the structure of the cells that make up the wing. A
characteristic of structural color is that it changes as you look at it from
different directions, like the color of an oil slick on water.

Someone asked about why the Red-spotted purple was colored
the way it was. It is actually a mimic of another butterfly, the Pipevine
Swallowtail. As a caterpillar the Pipevine Swallowtail feeds on plants in the
Birthwort family. These plants contain very nasty chemicals that are stored in
the body of the Pipevine caterpillar, making not only the caterpillar, but the
adult butterfly very distasteful. When a bird eats an adult Pipevine
Swallowtail it gags and vomits up its meal. This Swallowtail has dark wings and
similar metallic bluish-green hind wings. By looking like the Swallowtail the
Red-spotted purple is avoided by birds. (This is an example of what biologists
call Batesian mimicry — the similarity in appearance of two species, one of
which is noxious in some way, the other not. The former is the model, the
latter the mimic. The phenomenon is named after Henry Wallace Bates, an English
naturalist who discovered it.)

To get to the Orange Trail spur we had to squeeze between
two groups of Beautyberry plants. These had so many flowers that they will be
loaded with purple fruits this fall.

Orange Trail Spur:

We spotted a large Jack-in-the-pulpit with developing
fruits. These will turn brilliant red in the fall in the hopes that a passing
bird will eat them and disperse the seeds into favorable habitat. Because this
plant has three leaves someone asked how to tell it apart from Trillium. In Trillium
the three leaves are separated from each other by ~120 degrees. In Jack-in-the-pulpit
two of the leaves are separated from each other by 180 degrees and the third
leaf is perpendicular to these two, forming an upside down “T.”

Nearby we saw very young Hickory saplings and a number of
Redbud saplings. Many of the leaves of the Redbud had semi-circular pieces
removed from the leaf margin. This is due the activity of leaf mining bees, a
solitary bee that uses the leaf fragment to seal the opening to its nest.

In the shady environment by the creek we noticed a beautiful
metallic green bodied Ebony Jewelwing Damselfly with very dark wings. These
colorful insects are predacious, feeding on other flying insects, like mosquitoes,
that they capture in midair and devour. The immature stages live underwater in
the creek and are predators also.

Someone asked how Dragonflies and Damselflies were
different. When at rest Dragonflies hold their wings horizontally and
perpendicular to their body. Resting Damselflies are able to hold their wings
together and over their backs. Dragonflies are also much more acrobatic fliers;
they can hover, fly forward and backward, and rapidly speed off. They are very
difficult, almost impossible, to capture with a net. Damselflies have a weaker,
fluttering flight and are not nearly as successful in escaping a net as
Dragonflies.

Orange Trail Creek:

Upon reaching the creek we began flipping the rocks along
the edge and in the shallows, looking at the underside for attached insects or
anything that moved. We were successful in finding Caddis fly larvae, snails
and snail eggs, one larval salamander and one recently metamorphosed
salamander.

Caddisfly home on underside of rock

Caddis fly adults look like small, hairy brown moths and are
commonly attracted to porch lights if you live near a body of water. The larvae
resemble caterpillars but construct a “house” made from material in
their environment. They inhabit this tube of material and carry it with them
whenever they move. Like the Dragonfly and Damselfly larvae they are
predators. The Caddisfly larvae we found made houses from plant material and
looked like small twigs attached to the bottoms of rocks.

Leopard Frog

We found two Anuran amphibians, one American Toad and one
Leopard frog. The toad had a developmental abnormality — it was missing part
of its face.

.

Two salamanders were also discovered under rocks at the

Larval salamander with gills

creek edge. One was still a larva with external gills, feathery structure just
behind the head and in front of the forelegs. The other, a newly metamorphosed young adult, was about the same
size, but lacked the gills and had larger, more muscular legs,

Newly metamorphosed salamander

especially the
hind legs. It is difficult to identify salamanders this young, but these were
probably Spotted Dusky Salamanders. They lay their eggs in water and female
remains with them until they have hatched. Other species in the same Family of
salamanders are fully terrestrial, laying their eggs on land. In these the
development is direct from egg to adult with no aquatic stage.

There were lots of small snails found on the underside of

Snail Egg Masses

rocks in the stream and one of the rocks had numerous snail eggs deposited on
the underside. Each mass of eggs is surrounded by a clear gelatinous material
that resembles the jelly that surrounds frog eggs. There may be 50-100 eggs per
mass.

On the way up the trail many different mushrooms were seen,
the recent rains stimulating their growth. Of the ones we could immediately
identify were the Blackfooted Marasmius and the Split-gill mushroom. Others
will be listed here if and when we can identify them from Don Hunter’s
photographs.

We also noticed several flowers and ferns: Naked-flower Tick-Trefoil,
Heal-All, Bloodroot, White Avens and Wild ginger. The Bloodroot and ginger are
long past flowering. Broad Beech Fern were very abundant and the reproductive
fronds of many of the Christmas ferns have withered.

Lastly, we observed a pair of Daddy-longlegs. These animals
are Arthropods but are related (distantly) to spiders in the Class Arachnida.
They are classified in their own Order, Opiliones. Unlike spiders, Daddy
longlegs are not venomous. They have no venom glands and no fangs, in spite of what
urban legends say about them.

After reaching the parking area some of us visited Donderos’ for refreshments.

SUMMARY OF OBSERVED SPECIES:

Common Name	Scientific Name
Wild bergamot	Monarda fistulosa
Crimson beebalm	Monarda didyma
Lotus	Nelumbo sp.
Plum leaf azalea	Rhododendron prunifolium
Hairy Rattleweed	Baptisia arachnifera
Paw Paw	Asimina triloba
Red Spotted Purple	Limenitis arthemis
Corn	Zea mays
Beautyberry	Callicarpa americana
Jack-in-the-pulpit	Arisaema triphyllum
Hickory	Carya glabra?
Redbud	Cercis canadensis
Ebony Jewelwing Damselfly	Calopteryx maculata
American Toad	Bufo (Astyanax) americanus
Caddisfly	Order Trichoptera
Leopard Frog	Rana (Lithobates) sphenocephala
Spotted Dusky Salamander	Desmognathus conanti
Snails	Mollusca: Order Gastropoda
Blackfooted Marasmius  Naked-flowered Tick-trefoil	Marasmiellus nigripes Hylodesmum nudiflorum
Heal-All	Prunella vulgaris
Split-gill mushroom	Schizophyllum commune
Bloodroot	Sanguinaria Canadensis
Wild ginger	Hexastylis arifolia
Christmas Fern	Polystichum acrostichoides
Daddy longlegs	Arthropoda: Class Arachnida: Order Opiliones