Today’s Ramble was led by Dale Hoyt.
Here’s
the link to Don’s Facebook album for today’s Ramble. (All the photos
in this post, unless otherwise stated, are compliments of Don.)
Today’s post was written by Dale Hoyt.
Today’s Focus:
Seeking what we find on the Purple Trail and the Orange Trail.
25 Ramblers met today.
Announcements
& Reminders:
·
Next
Thursday’s Ramble (Nov. 15) will be the last formal Nature Ramble of the year;
formal Rambles will resume on March 7, 2019.
·
The
first meeting of the NR book group will be next Thursday, Nov. 15 at 11:30 a.m.
in the adult classroom. The book for discussion is “American Wolf.” Discussion
moderator is Emily Carr.
·
Athens
Christmas bird count is December 15th. There will be ten teams in the Athens area,
including one at the Bot Garden.
·
This
invitation from Kathy Stege: “I would love Ramblers and guests to meet me at
Heritage Park the day after Thanksgiving November 23rd at 9:00 for a hike. It’s
on the right just a few miles past Bishop on 441. Just show up. Dogs are
welcome. 478-955-3422. Kathy.”
Today’s reading:
Eugenia read a post-election poem by Ryan
Warren, written in the tradition of an Irish blessing.
Dale read the November 1 entry from Donald Culross
Peattie’s An Almanac for Moderns:
WHAT I love best in autumn is the way that Nature takes
her curtain, as the stage folk say. The banners of the marshes furl, droop and
fall. The leaves descend in golden glory. The
ripe seeds drop and the fruit is cast aside. And so, with slow chords in
imperceptible fine modulations the great music draws to its close, and when the
silence comes you can scarce distinguish it from
the last far–off strains of the woodwinds
and the horns.
Show & Tell:
1.
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| Germinated White Oak acorn; the white structure is the new root. |
Dale brought a germinated White Oak acorn. The
acorn was “planted” (placed on the surface of potting soil in a tall milk shake
cup two-three weeks ago. The soil was kept moist. The acorn germinated after
one week. The only visible sign was the appearance of the root from the pointed
end of the acorn. In the next two weeks the root grew to a length of three
inches. Acorns in the White oak group germinate soon after falling in the year
they started growth. Those in the Red oak group take two years to develop and
germinate the following spring.
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| Carla’s mystery milkweed |
|
2.
Carla brought a cutting from a milkweed plant she
had purchased earlier this year. Like most of us, she had forgotten where it
came from and what it was. It had a single pink and white flower and long,
narrow leaves. None of us could determine what kind of milkweed it was.
Today’s route:
We went through the Visitor’s Center and out the back door, turned right
through the garden to the head of the Purple Trail. We walked to the river on
the Purple Trail, turned left on the Orange Trail and followed it to the bridge
to the Flower Garden. We took the spur trail over the bridge and returned to
the Visitor’s Center.
OBSERVATIONS:
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| Northern Red Oak acorn |
|
Northern Red Oak. This is the time of year when the oaks are
dropping their acorns. At the head of the Purple Trail there is a Northern Red
Oak that is producing a lot of them. We found them scattered over the leaf
litter in abundance. The shape of the NRO acorn is rotund; the books describe
it as “barrel shaped.” A lot of people don’t have the same idea of what a
barrel looks like. Perhaps a better description is that the diameter at the
widest point is about the same as the height of the nut, cap excluded. In
comparison, the White Oak acorn typically is higher than it is wide.
Acorns of the red oak group are different from
those in the white oak group in many unseen ways. The red oak acorns have more
tannins, substances that make them distasteful to humans. (They cause them to
be astringent.) Red oak acorns take two years to mature and they do not
germinate immediately, remaining dormant until spring.
White oak acorns mature in a single year and
germinate in the fall if they have landed in a suitable location. (When placed
on moist potting soil and kept at room temperature I have had them germinate after
seven to ten days.) The white oak acorn has fewer tannins, making them
preferred for immediate eating by squirrels.
Squirrels are acorn connoisseurs. They
discriminate between red oak and white oak acorns, preferentially burying red
oak acorns for retrieval during the winter, while immediately eating the
sweeter white oak acorns. If the white oak crop is especially abundant Gray
Squirrels will bite off the tip of the acorn where the embryo is and then bury
the nut for later usage.
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| Fuzzy Oak gall |
|
Galls. A gall is an abnormal growth of plant tissue and can be caused by a
variety of organisms: viruses, bacteria, fungi and insects. Galls are the
response of the plant to the infection or invasion of foreign material. Many insects,
including a group known as the Gall wasps, family Cynipidae, have taken
advantage of this response to provide their young with a source of food and
shelter. The majority of Gall wasps use oaks as their host plant. Females
insert their eggs in various parts of the tree, leaves, stems, buds, even
roots, depending on the species. The presence of the egg stimulates the
production of the gall by the host plant. When the egg hatches the larval wasp
finds itself surrounded by a cozy mass of plant food which it promptly begins
to eat. Each species of Gall wasp produces a unique type of gall. The exactly
how this is accomplished is currently unknown.
The gall we found today was on the midvein
of a White Oak leaf. Galls are difficult to identify but we think this was made
by a wasp in the genus Callirhytis.
(An interesting tangent: Before he became
famous for his research on human sexuality Alfred Kinsey was well know in
entomological circles as an authority on Gall wasps. He described hundreds of
new species and his collection of 5 million specimens now resides in the
American Museum of Natural History.)
Several
Ramblers had questions about fungi; here are some answers.
Why aren’t
mushrooms considered to be plants?
When I was in high school fungi, including mushrooms,
were considered to be plants. They obviously lacked chlorophyll but they
produced spores, just like ferns and mosses. Like plants, their cells were
surrounded by a cell wall. (Animal cells lack cell walls.) But plant cell walls
are made of cellulose, whereas fungal cell walls are made of chitin, the same
material that makes up the exoskeleton of arthropods (insects, crustaceans and
similar creatures).
Fungi have a mode of nutrition that is
called “absorptive.” The tips of the thread-like cells that compose the fungus
body secrete digestive enzymes that break down the surrounding material (wood,
dead or living plants and animals) into simpler substances that they absorb. (If
the surrounding material is dead this is known as “rotting.”) Our stomach and
intestines do the same thing, only we call it digesting. In both fungi and
animals complex molecules in the environment are enzymatically reduced to
simpler molecules that are taken into the body. Fungi do the digesting outside
their bodies while we do it inside. Rotting equals digestion.
In recent years DNA analysis has
revealed that the true relationship of the fungi is with animals, not plants.
This means that fungi and animals shared a common ancestor more recently than
they do with plants. In genealogical terms it’s like saying that fungi and
animals share the same grandfather, but plants, fungi and animals have the same
great-grandfather. But, of course, we’re talking about ancestors that are
hundreds of millions of years ago.
Mushroom sex:
On a previous ramble I made a casual remark
about some mushrooms that have thousands of different sexes. That idea tweaked
the curiosity of a number of ramblers who deluged me with questions. Now I’ll
try to answer these, so, if you’re not interested in mushroom sex, you can skip
ahead to next topic.
First you need to know (or remember) that
mushrooms are the fungal equivalent of flowers. Just as a flower is produced by
a plant, a mushroom is produced by a fungus. The “body” of a flowering plant (its
roots, stems and leaves) provides the nutrients to produce flowers and,
ultimately, seeds. In a mushroom-producing fungus the part corresponding to the
roots, stems and leaves is called the mycelium. It looks very different from a
plant. You’ve undoubtedly seen a mycelium before. It is made of microscopically
thin, thread-like cells, called hyphae (singular, hypha). Masses of hyphae make
up a mycelium. They explore the material they are growing on – wood, dead leaves,
bread, etc. – digesting it as they grow. Look at a piece of moldy bread. You’ll
notice two things: a granular mass of spore, variously colored green, black or
yellow, surrounded by a mass of fine white threads. Those threads are the
mycelium of the bread mold. Similarly, the mycelium of wood-rotting mushrooms is
made of fine threads the penetrate everywhere in the wood, secreting digestive
juices that break down the wood fibers and then absorbing those digestive
products. To produce a mushroom the mycelium must acquire enough energy from
its log (or whatever it is rotting). But that is not enough. It first has to
meet and fuse with a mycelium of the same species but a different sex.
This makes the mushroom different from a
flower. Flowers are produced in anticipation of sex; in fungi the sex precedes
the mushroom. Here’s how it works:
Mushrooms are the result of a sexual act.
But fungi do it a lot differently than other organisms. There is nothing like
easily recognizable male and female fungi, and a fungus doesn’t mate with just
any other fungus it happens to meet. Fungal sexes are separated into what are
called “mating types.” In order to produce a fruiting body (a
mushroom) the mycelium of one individual must fuse with the mycelium of a
different mating type. The mating types are not visibly different. They can be
determined in the laboratory by whether or not two mycelia can fuse. If they
can’t, they are the same mating type. If they can, they were different mating
types and the fused portions will go on to produce a fruiting body. A Harvard
botanist, John Raper, discovered that in some fungi there weren’t just two
mating types but many different ones. He further discovered that the mating
type was genetically controlled and that the mating type genes were highly
variable. A fungus can mate with any other type of fungus except one that has
the same mating type. With that knowledge he estimated that, worldwide, there
were 20,000 different mating types to be found in the fungus he worked with.
One species, twenty thousand sexes!
Mushroom sex differs in other ways from that
seen in plants and animals. In plants and animals when egg and sperm come
together their nuclei fuse to produce a single cell. That cell has a single
nucleus that contains the chromosomes (and genes) of both parents. Fungi delay
the nuclear fusion. Instead, when two mycelia fuse their respective nuclei
intermingle in a common cytoplasm. (The fungal cytoplasm is not completely divided
into cells like that of a plant or animal. Instead it is a single cytoplasm
within which the nuclei can move about more or less freely. So after the two
mating types have joined their mycelia the fungal cytoplasm contains two
genetically distinct nuclei. In other words, mycelial fusion is not the same as
egg and sperm fusion. It does not result in a single cell with a single nucleus
combining the genetic material of both parents. It results in a cytoplasm in
which two genetically distinct nuclei coexist — a special kind of
“hybrid” called a dikaryon. (The di- means two; -karyon is a Greek
word that refers to the nucleus; thus, a dikaryon is an organism with two
different nuclei in its cytoplasm.) The dikaryon mycelium can continue to grow
and when the conditions are right it will produce a mushroom. Within the
tissues of this mushroom are specialized cells that will produce spores. Within
each such cell the two genetically different nuclei fuse and then undergo the
same type of division that human egg or sperm precursor cells do, called
meiosis. This type of cell division reduces the amount of genetic material by
half in each resulting cell. The cells that result from this type of division
become spores and are released from the gills of the mushroom by the billions,
to drift away on the gentlest of breezes. Those few that land in suitable
places will germinate to form a new mycelium that combines the genetic makeup
of both parents, except it will have a mating type that is either like one of
its parents or a completely new mating type. And the cycle of life continues.
Purple Trail:
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| Violet-toothed Polypore viewed from below. From above only the edge of the fungus is purple and this color fades with age. |
Beechdrops
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| Beechdrops |
|
We noticed Beechdrops beneath an American
Beech. Recall that this flowering plant lacks chlorophyll and is a parasite on
the roots of the beech tree.
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| We think the yellow granules in the calyx(?) cups of Beechdrops flowers are seeds. Other ideas are welcome. |
The petals were gone, leaving only the calyx of
the flowers. It was partially filled with yellow granular material, most likely
seeds, but none of us were very confident about this interpretation. For more
information about Beechdrops
visit the October 25, 2018 blog post.
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Look hard at this photo of hundreds of Beechdrops beneath a beech tree. If you’re patient you’ll be able to see them.
(Photo courtesy of Katherine Edison) |
|
Nearby another American Beech was surrounded
by an enormous number of Beechdrops stems. This photo, taken by Katherine
Edison, shows them, but you have to study it before you actually see the
hundred or so short stems protruding from the ground.
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| Crowded Parchment Fungus |
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| Hornbeam Disk fungi |
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|
Hornbeam Disk fungi are most evident after rainfall. Between rains they dry out and shrink, only to be renewed again at the next rain. They appear to only feed on the bark of the host tree. The yellow droplets were only seen on one tree’s fungi. We’re not sure what they are or do.
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| False Turkey Tail |
|
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| Coral Pink Merulius |
|
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| Lumpy Bracket |
|
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| Zoned Phlebia |
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At one location there was a pile of Oak branches and logs, nearly all supporting a variety of wood-rotting fungi:
Violet-toothed Polypore, False Turkey Tail, Coral-pink Merulius,
Hen-of-the-Woods/Maitake (old), Lumpy Bracket, and Zoned
Phlebia.
Orange Trail:
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| Musclewood looks muscular, hence one of its common names; American Hornbeam is another; Ironwood, yet another. |
Near the junction of the Purple and Orange trails is one of the largest Musclewood trees we’ve every seen. This species is typically found growing in moist environments like stream sides. The related species, Hophornbeam, has a broader tolerance. It’s commonly found stream side to dry ridges.
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| Beaver chew marks on Chinese Privet growing on the river bank. |
We always find a surprise on a Ramble and today’s was the discovery of a Chinese Privet that had recently been sampled by Beavers. This might indicate that beavers are investigating the old Beaver Marsh that had a colony here twenty-plus years ago.
Several
different White Asters are still blooming along the river and the dam at the Beaver marsh.
Brown
heard a Common Yellowthroat Warbler at the beaver marsh.
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| A Cardinal Flower, still in bloom. A first(?) for the Garden. |
He also spotted a blooming Cardinal Flower that may be the first seen in the natural area of the Garden.
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| Brown found a Blewit mushroom |
|
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| Grape Fern with fertile frond |
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| Closeup of fertile frond showing the sporangia, the spore-producing structures. |
|
Grape Fern is a fall reproducing fern. There is a similar looking fern, Rattlesnake Fern, that appears in the spring and, like Grape Fern, has a separate fertile frond. The season of appearance is an easy way to identify them, but where the fertile frond appears is also key. In the Grape Fern the fertile frond appears next to come from the ground next to the plant. In the Rattlesnake Fern the fertile frond emerges from the sterile fronds.
Orange Trail Spur
(creek to Flower Garden):
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| The fresh leaves of our “Hughpatica,” a Round-lobed Hepatica. |
We always stop at the bridge to the Flower Garden to check on the Hepatica that grows on the west side. The first leader of the Nature Ramblers, Hugh Nourse, always checked on this plant to see when it first bloomed. Hugh and his wife, Carol, moved to St. Louis two years ago and are greatly missed. We’ve informally named this plant “Hughpatica” in his honor.
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| Wild Ginger also produces leaves that persist through the winter, but it blooms much later than Hepatica. |
|
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| Gem-studded Puffballs |
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| Stump Puffballs |
|
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| Exit hole of Hickory Nut Weevil. |
Many of the acorns and hickory nuts you find this time of year have tiny holes in them. These are caused by a weevil, a type of beetle, that has spent the summer eating the contents of the nut. The egg was laid in early spring when the host tree was flowering and the larva grew along with enlarging acor or hickory nut. Now it escapes the larder and crawls into the soil where it will pupate and spend the winter. Next spring it will emerge from the pupa as an adult weevil and, after mating, seek out more flowers to lay eggs in.
SUMMARY OF OBSERVED SPECIES:
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Northern Red Oak
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Quercus rubra
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White Oak
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Quercus alba
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Gall Wasp (fuzzy gall)
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Callirhytis sp.
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Violet-toothed Polypore
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Trichaptum biforme
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False Turkey Tail
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Stereum ostrea
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Zoned Phlebia
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Punctularia strigosozonata
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Lumpy
Bracket
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Trametes gibbosa
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Beechdrops
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Epifagus virginiana
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Crowded Parchment
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Stereum complicatum
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American Hophornbeam
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Ostrya virginiana
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Hornbeam Disk mushroom
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Aleurodiscus oakseii
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Coral-pink Merulius
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Phlebia incarnata
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Hen-of-the-Woods/Maitake
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Grifola frondosa
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Crossvine
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Bignonia capreolata
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Japanese Privet
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Ligustrum japonica
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North American Beaver
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Castor canadensis
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White Asters
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Symphiotrichum sp.
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Common Yellowthroat Warbler
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Geothylpis trichas
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Cardinal Flower
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Lobelia cardinalis
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Southern Grape Fern
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Sceptridium biternatum
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Blewit mushroom
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Clitocybe (Lepista) sp.
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Moss
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?????
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Round-Lobed Hepatica
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Anemone americana
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Wild Ginger
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Hexastylis arifolia
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Stump Puffball
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Lycoperdon pyriforme
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Gem-Studded Puffball
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Lycoperdon perlatum
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Hickory Nut Weevil
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Curculio caryae
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Giant Leopard Moth caterpillar
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Hypercompe scribonia
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Cranefly Orchid
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Tipularia discolor
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