We had a near record of 30 ramblers who appeared today to
enjoy the mild temperature and overcast sky

.

Here
is the link to Don Hunter’s album of photos from today’s ramble.

Notice of interest to
ramblers:

Dan Williams will offer his free
Tree Identification course again this year. The sessions begin on Tuesday, October 7 at 5:00 pm.
at the Oconee Forest Park boardwalk parking lot (same place as last year), and
will continue through November. (Oconee Forest Park is located behind the UGA
intramural fields and tennis courts on the south side of College Station Rd.
Just drive past the parking deck and turn left immediately past the tennis
courts.)

Continue reading →

Twenty four ramblers met on a fine September morning and enjoyed a wonderful display of wildflowers in the course of our ramble.

Don Hunter’s album for today’s ramble is here; all the photos in today’s blog are Don’s.

Continue reading →

We’re back to our non-summer start time, 8:30AM, and 23
ramblers showed up for this comfortable morning.

Don Hunter’s album for today’s ramble is here.

Reading: Today’s reading
is an excerpt from an address given by Aldo Leopold at the dedication of a
monument to the passenger pigeon. The last living passenger pigeon died in
captivity 100 years ago this month.

We are told
by economic moralists that to mourn the pigeon is mere nostalgia; that if the
pigeoners had not done away with him, the farmers would ultimately have been
obliged, in self-defense, to do so.

This is one
of those peculiar truths that are valid, but not for the reasons alleged.

The pigeon
was a biological storm. He was the lightning that played between two opposing
potentials of intolerable intensity: the fat of the land and the oxygen of the
air. Yearly the feathered tempest roared up, down, and across the continent,
sucking up the laden fruits of forest and prairie, burning them in a traveling
blast of life. Like any other chain reaction, the pigeon could survive no
dimunition of his own furious intensity. When the pigeoners subtracted from his
numbers, and the pioneers chopped gaps in the continuity of his fuel, his flame
guttered out with hardly a sputter or even a wisp of smoke.

Today the
oaks still flaunt their burden at the sky, but the feathered lightning is no
more. Worm and weevil must now perform slowly and silently the biological task
that once drew thunder from the firmament.

The wonder is
not that the pigeon went out, but that he ever survived through all the
millennia of pre-Babbittian[*] time.

*reference to the satirical 1922
novel Babbit by Sinclair Lewis

(From Aldo Leopold, On
a Monument to a Pigeon, in A Sand
County Almanac and Sketches Here and There, 1949, Oxford Univ. Press, p.
111 in the 1968 paperback edition.)

Each rambler received a printed sheet of paper that, when
folded according to instructions, results in an origami passenger pigeon. After
the ramble we folded our own miniature flock at Donderos’. Those of you who
weren’t able to attend today’s ramble can obtain your own origami passenger
pigeons from http://www.foldthe flock.org and while you’re there view an
awesome animation of what a flock of must have looked like as they passed
overhead. 

To learn more about the passenger pigeon extinction read
this Audobon magazine article and this NY
Times article about the role of “social media” in the extinction.
The August 29th NY Times Sunday review section had
a nice article with interesting graphics depicting the abundance of the
passenger pigeon over time.

Parasites that change
their hosts behavior: Before we started I passed around a beech

Fungus infected spider

leaf that
Emily and I found at the garden two days ago. On the underside of this leaf is
the body of a dead spider. Sprouting from the abdomen are the fungal spore
producing shoots, looking like the fingers of a dead hand. Fungi like this have
been seen in other arthropods, especially ants. Infected ants leave their nest
and climb up grasses and trees and then bite whatever they are on. They remain
there, locked to the plant by their jaws until they die. Meanwhile the fungus
is busy digesting their interior and sprouting its spore-dispersing structures
into the air. The ants typically are anchored to a place that is favorable for
the dispersal of fungal spores. We don’t know if this fungus changed the
behavior of its spider host, but it is a possibility.

Today’s route:
From the arbor down the walk through the Shade garden and into the Dunson
garden, then across the road to the White trail, up the power line and then
down the power line to the river; left on the orange trail past the privet
removal project and then back to the arbor via the orange spur trail.

Shade Garden

On the sidewalk through the Shade Garden there were many
hickory nuts that had been gnawed on by rodents. The large mockernut hickory nuts had very thick husks and some of their
diners had given up chewing through the husk to get at the nut inside. The pignut hickory nut has a much thinner
husk and we found several that had been successfully opened and the contents
devoured.

We also stopped to check on the witch hazels. Earlier in the spring we observed numerous galls on the leaves of the native
species (on the right side of the sidewalk if you’re going downhill) and split
a few open to reveal they were filled with aphids. Today the galls remain on
the leaves but they are all empty. The aphids have flown away to an alternate
host plant where they will feed and lay overwintering eggs. Next spring the
eggs will hatch and the winged aphids will again seek out the witch hazel and
produce a new round of galls on its freshly emerged leaves. Mark your calendars
for next spring to see this exciting event.

Triangulate Orbweaver

While at the witch hazels we looked for the tiny flower buds
that are just now forming. Witch hazel blooms late in the fall, so we’ll be
checking these plants often come October.

A rambler spotted a small spider web and at the center was
the spinner, a brownish spider with a prominent bright yellow triangle on its
abdomen — a triangulate orbweaver.

Dunson Native Flora
Garden

Horsebalm inflorescense

We ducked into the Dunson garden to check on the Horsebalm that we had seen last week.
It is now in bloom and, if you were expecting a fantastic floral display,
somewhat anti-climactic.

But standing next to the horsebalm was the stalk of a Jack-in-the-Pulpit, or, more precisely,
Jill-in-the-Pulpit, bearing brilliant red fruits. Red is a common color of
fruits that are bird

Jack-in-the-Pulpit fruits

dispersed. The plant offers the bird a sweet, red treat
and the bird consumes the flesh that surrounds the seeds and then defecates the
seeds somewhere else, along with a drop of fertilized to get them started. It’s
a win-win situation for both parties.

Some ramblers noticed a Downy Skullcap
in bloom and when we started up the road we found a Beautyberry with its clusters of bright purple fruits.

White trail

Microstegium and Beefsteak plant

At the intersection of the White trail and road there was a
patch of dense vegetation made up of two species: Beefsteak plant, a mint, and microstegium.

Microstegium
(also called Nepalese browntop or Japanese stilt grass) is a terribly invasive
annual grass. It can flourish in low light situations and displace native
species. In addition to its direct effects and plant communities additional
impacts have recently come to light. A recent study, published in the journal
Ecology by two UGA researchers, shows that Microstegium has a negative impact on
American toads. (You
can read the paper here.) This study reveals that when microstegium invades
a habitat the number of wolf spiders increases. Wolf spiders are hunters. They
search their habitat for small arthropods which they attack, kill and eat.
Their prey also include their own species and this cannibalism helps to reduce
the size of the wolf spider population. So how does microstegium cause the
number of wolf spiders to increase? Because a patch of microstegium is so
dense, containing many stems, wolf spiders have a more difficult time finding
other wolf spiders. So more of them survive in a patch of microstegium. This
increase in spider density means that very small, recently metamorphosed toads
are more likely to encounter and be eaten by spiders, so there numbers decline.
This is an example of an “indirect” effect or a “knock-on”
effect: A causes B to change and the change in B has an impact on C. Ecosystems
are full of these kinds of effects. It makes knowing the effect of changing a
habitat so difficult to determine.

Pulling Microstegium

Several of the ramblers immediately began to pull up the
microstegium.

Further along the White trail we found examples of Smooth
Sumac, Yellow crownbeard, River oats and purpletop grass.

How to tell the
wingstems apart. Wingstems are plants in the genus Verbesina; we have three species in the natural areas of the garden:
V. alternifolia, V. virginica and V.
occidentalis. Distinguishing them is pretty easy, but sometimes difficult
to remember. Here are the tricks I use to keep them straight.

Wingstem

I have the most trouble associating the names with the
combinations of characteristics, so I use a mnemonic: V. occidentalis has opposite leaves (opposite and
occidentalis

Crown-beard

both begin with “o”; V. alternifolia has alternate
leaves (this is easy since alternifolia
means “alternate leaves”); V.
virginica is named for Virginia which is further north than Georgia and,
therefore, colder, so the plant has snow-white flowers and is called Frostweed.
I haven’t come up with a good way to remember that Wingstem has yellow

Frostweed

flowers,
except by elimination (Frostweed is the only one that has white flowers, so if  the plant has yellow flowers it’s either Crown-beard
or Wingstem and you can tell them apart by their leaf arrangement. If you can
remember all this it might help build new neurons in your brain. 

How do you tell if you’re looking at a Verbesina? You need to look at the stem to see if there is a ridge
running the length of the stem on opposite sides. Unfortunately, some of the
Wingstems (using the term to refer to the whole group, not just V. alternifolia) have faint wings and
some individuals have them only on the lower or upper parts of the stem. Plants
are variable, so you have to examine the stem closely. Another characteristic
of the group is that the flowers are pretty skimpy. That’s because only some of
the florets have a petal. Many of the florets are disk florets, and do not have
the strap-like petal.

You had to be there:
Some things in nature happen very quickly: a hawk attacks a bird on the feeder
in your yard. You have to be looking out the window at the right time or you’ll
miss it. One of those events happened as I was walking with a couple of
ramblers on the Orange trail in the privet clearing section. One of them called
my attention to a large wasp that was hanging onto the end of a twig and
behaving very strangely. I took a closer look and realized that I was

European Hornet with prey

seeing a
European Hornet, a very large wasp that has become naturalized in the United
States. It appeared to be holding something and I looked closer — the hornet
was grasping a small Yellowjacket in the legs that were holding the twig and it
was manipulating the Yellowjacket to keep the sting away from its body. As I
watched it bent down and bit the head off the Yellowjacket and immediately flew
off. It had taken just a few seconds to subdue and kill the smaller Yellowjacket.
European Hornets construct paper nests, like Bald-faced Hornets do, but they
are built in cavities instead of on branches of trees. This Hornet was taking
the Yellowjacket back to its next to feed it to the larvae that are communally
raised in the nest.  The typical nest
holds about 200-400 workers and a single reproductive queen. I’m sorry that not
everyone could see this exciting sight, but it was over too quickly. (Photo
of European Hornet with prey from Wikipedia.)

Upper power line
right of way Today we saw many of the same plants we saw blooming last week,
so I’m going to just list them here and write a little more about a few of them
later:

Flowering Spurge, Wild lettuce, Beefsteak
plant, Grass leaf Golden aster, Mountain mint, Rabbit tobacco, White crownbeard,
Elephant’s Foot, Wild Sensitive Plant, Yellow star grass,
Late-flowering thoroughwort (or boneset) and Slender ladies tresses.

Lower power line
right of way The plants seen on the power line
right of way between the road and the river were: Golden aster, Silver plume
grass, Late-flowering boneset, American Pokeweed, Camphor pluchea, Spotted St.
Johns Wort, Virginia button weed, Tall ironweed, Field thistle, Common evening
primrose, Climbing Hempvine, Daisy fleabane, Goldenrod, Small white morning
glory, Wingstem, and Leafy elephant’s
foot.

The critters we saw were: Gulf
fritillary caterpillar on passionvine, Gulf fritillary caterpillar in the act of forming a chrysalis; a Pearl crescent butterfly and a Carolina anole.

How a caterpillar
forms a chrysalis. The pupal stage of a butterfly is called a chrysalis;
that

Chrysalis half-way free from caterpillar skin

of a moth, a cocoon. A cocoon is usually covered with silk spun by the
caterpillar and often has leaves or the hairs of the caterpillar imbedded in
it. (Technically, the

Gulf Fritillary caterpillar

cocoon is the silken structure that surrounds the naked
pupa of the moth, but the term is casually used in a collective sense to refer
to both pupa and silken surrounding.) The pupal stage of a butterfly is naked,
like the moth pupa, but it is often brightly colored and decorated or assumes
cryptic shapes so that it resembles a dead leaf.  The chrysalis of many butterflies hangs head
downward, suspended from a button of silk in which the posterior end is hooked.
Several ramblers were lucky to catch a Gulf fritillary butterfly in the final
stage of chrysalis formation . It begins with the caterpillar spinning a button
of silk. The caterpillar then clasps the silk button with its terminal abdominal
legs and hangs head downward, usually forming a J-shape. The pupal skin forms
under the caterpillars skin and then the caterpillar skin splits down the back.
The pupa begins to wiggle and twist and gradually emerges from the old
caterpillar skin. At this point the old skin looks like a sock being peeled
off. With more wiggling it is gradually worked back to the point of attachment.

Cast off caterpillar skin

Then the pupa performs a complex maneuver — it grips the old skin between its
last few segments and wiggles the last segment free from the old skin. The skin
is still hooked to the silk button and the pupa is gripping the skin, hanging
from it head downward. The freed terminal segment has a hook on its end and
this hook is jabbed into the silk button and twisted around enough to anchor
the pupa. The pupa then releases the shriveled caterpillar skin. The skin
usually drops to the ground and the pupa slowly transforms into the final shape
of the chrysalis (It usually takes less than a day to complete chrysalis
formation. The butterfly will emerge a week or two later.) 

Orange trail and Orange spur trail

It was getting late so we quickly turned left onto the Orange trail to see the amazing progress in Chinese Privet removal. Then we turned up the Orange spur trail to return to the Arbor, where we received our Origami Passenger Pigeon papers. Along the way we saw Ebony Spleenwort and our old friends, the Beech Blight Aphids.

We returned back to the Arbor and folded our flock at Donderos’.

Folding our flock

SUMMARY OF OBSERVED SPECIES:

As Mr. Rogers said, It’s a
beautiful day in the neighborhood, and that certainly described this morning as
22 Ramblers gathered to seek what we could find. The temperature today was in
the mid 60s, marvelously cool for our early ramble. 

The link to Don Hunter’s album
for this ramble is here.

Reminder: All the
rambles for the remainder of the year will begin at 8:30 AM. Don’t forget to
update your schedules. 

Reminder:
There is a trail walk at Sandy Creek Nature Center this coming Weds.,
Sept. 3, at 9:00 AM. Meet at the Education & Visitor’s Center.
Coffee and homemade goodies afterwards.

Announcement:

Ben Tonks’ Eagle scout project to construct a walkway over the
muddy marsh at the lower part of the Orange Trail still needs about $400 more
to purchase materials. If you’ve already sent Ben a check he thanks you, but if
you’ve put it off or forgotten, here’s what you need to do: Please send your
personal check made out to: Benjamin S.
Tonks, 270 Hunnicutt Dr., Athens GA 30606–1708. 

Continue reading →

Twenty three ramblers gathered at 8AM on this relatively cool August morning.

The link to Don Hunter’s photo album of today’s ramble is here.

Today’s reading: Hugh
read several quotations from George Washington Carver, all from this source, one of Hugh’s
favorite blogs. 

There were two announcements of interest to Ramblers:

Continue reading →

It was a beautiful morning with
temperature in the 60s, and 22 ramblers showed up.

Don Hunter’s photo album of today’s ramble is here.

Ed Wilde read a few selections from the book Keeping the bees : why all bees are at risk
and what we can do to save them by Laurence Packer (Harper Collins,
Toronto, 2010) (The author was recently interviewed by Terry Gross on Fresh Air.):

“There
are more species of bees than there are of birds and reptiles combined; there
are more species of bees and wasps combined than there are of plants. We can
better estimate changes in ecological conditions with insects than we can with
the more popular birds and mammals simply because there are so many more
species to give us the information we need.” pg 15

”
… bees may be the proverbial canaries in the coal mine of the globe’s
terrestrial habitats …I believe they are particularly good at indicating the
state of the environment in areas that have been considerably influenced by
human activity.” pg 4

“Less
than 5% of [all bees] make any honey at all, and only a small fraction of those
make honey in large enough quantities for us to be able to use it.” pg 42

“The
single most bee-diverse couple of hundred square kilometers on the planet . . .
is in the SonoranDesert on the Mexico-Arizona border … over 500 hundred
species.” pg 141

Rosemary read the Mary Oliver poem: Look and See, from the collection Why I Wake Early, Beacon Press, 2004.

Look and
See

This morning,
at waterside, a sparrow flew

to a water rock and landed, by error, on the back

of an eider duck; lightly it fluttered off, amused.

The duck, too, was not provoked, but, you might say, was

laughing.

This
afternoon a gull sailing over

our house was casually scratching

its stomach of white feathers with one

pink foot as it flew.

Oh Lord,
how shining and festive is your gift to us, if we

only look, and see.

~ Mary
Oliver ~

The route today was out the mulched trail
to the Dunson Native Flora Garden, then out the white trail under the power
line to the river. There we took a left on the Orange Trail which we followed
to the Orange Spur bridge and trail to the Flower Garden and back to the
Visitor Center.

Our first stop was a line of dead tree
branches arranged through and around trees. Natalie, an education specialist
with SBG, told us it was an art installation created during a recent
“Festival Day.”

Horse balm flower buds

We stopped to discuss the northern horse
balm, which has yet to bloom.  Its
straggly yellow flowers are slow in coming. 
Carol and I saw them in full bloom last weekend along the Blue Ridge
Parkway. The curator was thinking that the plant had suffered a good deal of
caterpillar damage, but the plants in the mountains had also suffered that
damage.  Insects seem to like the leaves.

Soapwort Gentian

Currently there are few flowers blooming
in the Dunson Native Flora Garden but the curator, Joey Allen, is trying to
plant some that will flower at this time of year.  One recent planting is harvest bells, or
soapwort gentian, Gentiana saponaria,
that was in full bloom.  Someone asked if
its closed flower ever opened up, and the answer was that it does not. Bumble bees
that pollinate it have to push their way in. Somehow we got to talking about
the fringed gentian, Gentianopsis crinita,
that grows on the road verges around Track Rock Gap near Young Harris.  At least it used to do so.  Even though the Department of Transportation
marked off the plant areas with posts to prevent mowing during its growing
season, recent retirees moving into the area are neatniks and want the verges
always mowed.  They mowed the verges
themselves and just about wiped out the plants in that area.  Other safeguarding sites have been found.  Hugh commented that some believe the fringed
gentian to be the most beautiful of our native wildflowers.  Later Dale challenges that with his belief
about the most beautiful wildflower.

We stopped by the devil’s walking stick
which was past blooming.  The leaves on
this plant are the largest in North America. 
The leaflets themselves are small, but the whole doubly-compound leaf
can be up to 64″ long. Next to it was a silky dogwood in fruit, and below
it was sweet spire, Itea virginica,
in bloom. A nearby dogwood seemed to be attacked by the disease affecting
dogwood trees in the Southeast.

A passionflower (Passiflora incarnata) drew lots of discussion.  Dale said that to him this is the

Nectar droplets on Passionflower extra-floral nectaries

most
beautiful native wildflower. We talked about the three lobed shape of the
leaves, and the fact that a flower only opens for a day. Both the Variegated
fritillary and the Gulf fritillary butterflies lay their eggs on this plant.
The chrysalis of the Variegated fritillary can survive our winters, but the
Gulf fritillary cannot. So in spring only the Variegated fritillary is present.
The Gulf fritillary population is replenished by migrants dispersing out of
Florida, where the chrysalis stage can survive over winter.  The passionflower has a way of defending
itself from the caterpillars of these fritillaries. It recruits ants by means
of nectaries located at the base of each leaf blade. These nectaries secrete a
sugar solution like the one found in the flowers, attracting ants.  Once on the plant the ants roam about and kill
and eat any eggs or small caterpillars they find. They are not 100% effective,
otherwise we would never see any Gulf fritillaries.

By this time we were at the wet area of
the Dunson Garden where the clustered stems of horsetails, among the oldest
plants in evolutionary development, were growing.

Cardinal flower

The next point of interest was the
dramatic red cardinal flower, Lobelia cardinalis.  Crossing from the road into the Garden we
checked out the seashore mallow, Kosteletzkya
virginica, but it was only in bud, and not blooming.  The swamp rose-mallow was still
vigorous.  It came in shades from pink to
white, but they all had the red blotch at the center of the petals with the
typical hibiscus column of style and attached anthers.  Behind us someone was asking about the mint,
which was Monarda punctata,
horsemint or

Wild Senna flowers

spotted beebalm, and which was just budding.  Avis asked about the rattlesnake master, Eryngium yuccifolium next to the swamp
mallow.  Sue Wilde wanted to know about a
yellow flowered plant she had found in the area which is not cultivated.  Wow!  I
had been looking for this plant for weeks. 
It is southern wild senna, Senna
marilandica.  Next to it was a
beautiful rose pink, Sabatia angularis,
and all around it was the first blooming of white wingstems. They turned out

Rose Pink

to
be white crownbeard, Verbesina virginica with
its straggly white flowers.  Also on the
same slope was the still-blooming mountain mint, Pycnanthemum incanum.

Don pointed out an example of spittle bug
covered with a large mass of its white foam. He challenged Dale to sample it,
but Don himself tried it and thought it tasted bland.

On our way to the white trail under the
power line, Dale found Virgin’s Bower, Clematis
virginiana, and pokeweed, Phytolacca
americana, in all stages from flower to fruit.

Under the power line along the white
trail Andie showed us the yellow flag where she had marked the spot where she
had observed a box turtle laying its eggs in a hole.  The turtles don’t seem to have hatched
yet.  We also saw more southern wild
senna, as well as golden aster, Heterotheca
latifolia, that was just starting to bloom.

Going through the gate to the floodplain
we observed the beautiful, but small red morning glory, Ipomea coccinea.

In the flood plain the late flowering
boneset was just beginning to bud everywhere. 
Camphorweed, Pluchea odorata,
was also starting to bloom.  We could
just see the faint pinkish color to the buds at the top of the plant.  Someone pulled off from one of the plants
both a leaf-footed bug and a Lynx spider. 
Dale put them in the same box, so I asked whether they were friends or
enemies.  No, they were indifferent to
each other.

There was so much to see and talk about
here.  St. Andrews Cross, Hypericum crus-andreae, was blooming low
to the ground.  Although not in bloom, we
could recognized the opposite leaved wing stem, Verbesina occidentalis.  We
decided the huge thistles were native because the leaves were grey
underneath.  The sunflowers were Helianthus hirsutus.  Then there was a cricket.  One long lasting false dandelion, or Carolina
desert chickory, Pyrrhopappus
carolinianus was still blooming. 
Also low to the ground were a number of blooming leafy elephants foot, Elephantopus carolinianus.

Toward the river it seemed like we were
walking in a canyon created by the 12 foot high giant ironweed, Vernonia gigantea.  The staff will probably have to cut down much
of the vegetation in the flood plain because a number of tree saplings have
sprung up.  One in particular that
pioneers in the floodplain is box elder, Acer
negundo.

Privet has been removed!

We made the left turn to go down Orange
trail.  The big reason for rambling along
here was to see the huge effort that has been made by the contractor hired to
remove the privet.  Large tree-like
stumps that were left after sawing down the privet were painted with a kind of
Round-up that would not poison the amphibians inhabiting this environment.

After leaving this environment we entered
the area still

Cross vine

surrounded by privet. 
Nevertheless, there was lots to see: 
cross vine (Bignonia capreolata),  Virginia dayflower (Commelina virginica), sweet autumn clematis (Clematis terniflora) [which differs from the Virgin’s bower by
having only one leaflet

Virginia dayflower

instead of three], greenbrier (Smilax rotundifolia), river oats or fish on a pole (Chasmanthium latifolium), and river cane
(Arundinaria gigantea).  One person suggested that river cane was very
aggressive.  One wishes it were really
true because that would be a wonderful substitution for the privet.  But as I understand river cane it spreads
slowly and blooms only rarely and then dies. 
At the time of Bartram there were wonderful

Sweet Autumn Clematis

canebrakes along
streams.  Other findings along the river
were poison ivy, and a green ash sapling, which enabled us to point out the
opposite compound leaves for the green ash, which is the dominant canopy tree
in the floodplain.  It was a good way to
see the leaves up close.  Other trees
identified were musclewood, hop hornbeam, and chalk maple.

Looking at the man-made dam in the old
beaver pond area, Hugh talked about why the Garden installed the dam after the
beaver left.  The reason was to purify
the water coming down the stream along the Orange Trail.  At that time there was a University pig farm
near the headwaters of the stream, so the water definitely needed
purifying.  Today Horticulture has taken
over that land and the pig farm is gone. 
In the middle of the swampy area were a large number of water hemlock, Cicuta maculata.  Dale and Hugh had a discussion about whether
this was the poisonous plant used to provide the drink which killed
Socrates.  Hugh thought it was; Dale
thought it was the poison hemlock (Conium
maculatum).  After returning home, we
both looked it up and Dale was correct.

Clambering over the piled wood at the
very muddy spot going around the beaver pond area, Hugh talked about Ben Tonk’s
eagle scout project to build a board walk here. 
At this point he is looking for financing for the project which will
cost $1739.01.  So far, he has received
almost $500.  I suggested that the
Ramblers might want to provide some money for the project.  There seemed to be general agreement to do
that.  As soon as we receive from Ben a
PDF of his project and design with where to send money, we will send it out to
everyone, so that those who wish to contribute can do so.

Here we spotted a netted chain fern.
Carol identified it by the fertile frond with its linear, alternate, widely
spaced segments. The spores were still green, not brown yet, so hard to
distinguish at a distance. On the way upstream we saw jump seed, Polygonum virginianum..  Jumpseed gets its name from the way in which
the mature fruit jumps from the plant when its persistent style is pushed. As
we passed the stand of green headed or cut leaf coneflower (Rudbeckia laciniata) we wondered why it
is not blooming so much this year.  it
looked like there had been a few blooms, but they were gone.  Speculation is that the canopy is closing
over and reducing light to this spot.  A
greenbrier (Smilax bon-ax) that has
leaves that look like cinnamon vine, but this smilax has thorns.

On the way up the slope to the Flower
Garden the most excitement was generated by the crane fly orchid, Tipularia discolor.  During the winter we see its leaves, which
are green on top and purple underneath, everywhere,.  The leaves disappear in late spring, and the
flower pops up in July.  Since the color
of the flower is a yellowish tan it blends easily into the background and is
easily missed walking by it.

In the Flower Garden we were all
enthralled by the beautiful purple berries on a cultivar of beauty berry (Callicarpa sp.).  From there it was just minutes to Donderos’
and refreshment and conversation.

Hugh

SUMMARY OF OBSERVED SPECIES:

Another beautiful morning at the State Botanical Garden, not
too hot and not too cold, found 22 Ramblers ready to learn about Hummingbirds. 

But first, we presented Ronnie and Eva, our two

Eva

Ronnie

Junior Ramblers, with
certificates to commemorate their participation in our rambles this summer. We
enjoyed having them present and benefited greatly from their enthusiasm and
sharp-eyed powers of observation. We hope they will return in the future.

Don and Emily each contributed a reading today. Don’s is from A Short History of Nearly Everything by Bill Bryson; Emily’s is from Hummingbird Nest: A Journal of Poems by Kristine O’Connell George. Both readings can be found here.

Today we were pleased to have a guest leader, Judy Glenn,
who designed the Hummingbird trail for the State Botanical Garden. This trail
consists of numbered Red Markers, each with a Hummingbird silhouette, that are
strategically placed in spots all over the formal gardens. Each marked location
is where Judy has personally observed consistent hummingbird activity. These
are generally places where there are plants that are good nectar sources
(Lantana and sage, as well as others). The numbers on each marker correspond to numbered
locations on a map of the garden that is available in the Visitor’s Center. (Because
the maps are in short supply I’ve taken the liberty of copying one and placing
it here
on Google drive. My scanner could not accommodate the full width of the
brochure, so part of the illustrations are missing. You’ll have to pester the
garden to get a full sized map.)

Judy is a nature photographer as well as a hummingbird
enthusiast and has a blog
and a facebook page
that display her work.

Judy began by taking a group photo and then playing
recordings of Ruby-throated hummingbird vocalizations. She then told us how she laid out the trail and then presented some facts about our local
hummingbirds. We have only one species, the Ruby-throated hummingbird, here in Georgia. (There are occasional strays of western species, but these are very uncommon.)  Before she began Judy passed out pennies to a number of
ramblers and we discovered why — a penny weighs 2.5 grams while an adult
Ruby-throated hummingbird weighs approximately 3 grams, just slightly more
than the penny in our hand! The male Ruby-throats arrive in our area about the
middle of March, ahead of the females, and establish territories. Only the
males have the brilliant iridescent red throat; females and juvenile males have
white throat feathers. As the young males mature they gradually get a
sprinkling of red feathers in the throat region. Until then it is not possible
to identify the sex of the young birds. The red coloration is not due to
pigments. It is a structural color, like the colors seen in soap bubbles. Its
appearance also depends on your viewing angle. From the side the throat of a
male looks black. The male can move the feathers to flash the brilliant red in
the direction he wishes. Ruby-throats migrate to Mexico and Central America in
the fall.

Hummingbird nests are constructed from plant fibers like
milkweed fluff. These are collected and bound to a tree branch with silk from
spider webs. Sue mentioned that she had seen a hummingbird gathering spider
webs from her windows — an excellent reason not to wash those windows. After
the bundle of fiber is secured to the branch the female collects bits of lichen
and tucks it into the nest, camouflaging it. Then she sits in the walnut-size
nest and wiggles and turns about until a suitable depression is formed. She lays
one or two eggs, each the size of a small jelly bean. For the previous three
years Judy has recorded the last dates on which she has seen hummingbirds in
the garden: Oct. 1, 2 and 3.

After these introductory remarks Judy led us through the
garden, pointing out favorite flowers

Ramblers looking for hummingbirds

and perching sites at each of the 20
stations on the Hummingbird Trail. Because the hummers don’t like large groups
of people we caught only glimpses of them along the way; they fled our approach. So after
Judy showed us the location of the last station we broke up into smaller groups
to observe the hummers without disturbing them.

I’m going to attempt to answer some of the questions I was asked during the ramble, as well as mention some other aspects of hummingbird biology and physiology. Click on the links below if you’re interested.

How can hummingbirds hover?

Where do flowers get their nectar?

How do humming birds forage for nectar?

How much nectar does a hummingbird consume?

Why do hummingbirds have such a high metabolic rate?

What do hummingbirds do at night?

As usual, we left the garden and descended on Donderos’ in the Visitor Center for conversation and beverages.

Dale